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Home  ›  Which Of The Following Is True About The Clean Air Act Amendments Of 1990?

Which Of The Following Is True About The Clean Air Act Amendments Of 1990?

Written By Friday, February 25, 2022 Add Comment Edit

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This article outlines federal and country governments responsibilities involved in implementing the Clean Air Human activity. The Clean Air Act was showtime adopted in 1963 and amended in 1970, 1977, and 1990. According to the Environmental Protection Agency, the act's purpose is "to protect public health and welfare from different types of air pollution acquired by a various array of pollution sources." Its implementation is by and large divided between the EPA and state governments. This division of responsibilities entails that federal agencies prepare minimum standards that states are left to enforce in their own way that is subject to federal approval.[ane] [2]

Provisions

National Ambient Air Quality Standards

Run into also: National Ambient Air Quality Standards

The Clean Air Act established nationwide air quality standards for half dozen air pollutants divers in the act as criteria pollutants: ground-level ozone, sulfur dioxide, particulate matter, nitrogen oxide, carbon monoxide, and pb. These standards, known as National Ambience Air Quality Standards (NAAQS), are ceilings for the above 6 air pollutants, and states enact state implementation plans outlining enforceable, source-specific emissions limits for these pollutants. Each state plan must testify that the land will see and maintain the NAAQS. These plans are reviewed and approved past the EPA.[iii] [4] [5] The Supreme Court affirmed the legality of NAAQS and clarified the legal boundaries for their implementation in Whitman v. American Trucking Associations (2001).

Other requirements for state plans include the following:[half-dozen]

  • A schedule or timetable for compliance with NAAQS and other Clean Air Human action requirements
  • A let program for sources of air pollution
  • Plans for air quality monitoring in the state
  • Prohibitions against emissions that may significantly contribute to another geographical area's disability to meet NAAQS
  • Participation and consultations with local governments affected by a state plan

New Source Review program

Under the Clean Air Act, the New Source Review Program (NSR) applies to major stationary sources of air pollution, which are defined as sources with the potential to emit a certain amount of a pollutant regulated under the act. Facility operators must testify that the facility will not alienation NAAQS or emissions limits found in the facility's permit. Permits, which are enforceable legal documents, must be obtained earlier the structure or modification of a facility begins. They include requirements for constructing and operating units that produce emissions at a facility and the technology required to limit emissions.[7] [8]

Authorized country and local governments tin can receive potency from the EPA to issue NSR permits to facilities in the program. The EPA sets bones permit requirements for NSR regulations, which are then enforced past land and local agencies. Additionally, states may develop state-specific NSR requirements and procedures tailored to a land's air quality needs; these state-specific requirements must meet federal standards.[7]

Operating permits

The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 established an operating permit program for states to implement for major sources of air pollution, such as industrial facilities. The program consolidates all applicable federal regulations for existing sources of pollution into a single compliance document known equally a Title Five let (the plan is authorized by Title 5 of the 1990 Clean Air Deed amendments). These permits are issued and enforced by state governments, but the EPA has authorisation to review and to approve a land's permit plan and private permits issued by a state. Title V permits include requirements on the blazon and amount of pollution released by a source and the specific technologies prescribed by the state to limit pollution. Facilities with permits include ability plants, manufacturing facilities, petroleum refineries, and other facilities. Permits require stationary sources to measure and report how much pollution is released during a given catamenia.[ix] [10] [11]

Hazardous air pollutants

See also: Hazardous air pollutant

Nether the Clean Air Act of 1970 and 1977, the EPA set emissions limits for vii chancy pollutants—beryllium, mercury, vinyl chloride, asbestos, benzene, radionuclides, and arsenic. With the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments, Congress revised the EPA's chancy air pollutant programme to a engineering-based regulatory organisation. Every bit divers in the Clean Air Act, hazardous air pollutants "cause or contribute to an increase in bloodshed or an increase in serious irreversible, or incapacitating, reversible, disease."[12] [13]

NASA Goddard Space Light photo of Crater Lake National Park

Chancy air pollutants are regulated as part of a facility's operating allow, which is enforced by country governments (see above). Major sources of hazardous air pollutant emissions must adopt technologies to control their emissions. Technologies used to reduce hazardous pollutants include scrubbers, filters, thermal oxidizers, and more. These standards, known as maximum doable control engineering science (MACT) standards, are based on the maximum reduction of emissions doable by new and existing sources of hazardous pollutants. The standards must also take into account costs and any non-air wellness or ecology impacts. Sources of chancy air pollutants include chemic plants, incinerators, petroleum refineries, manufacturing facilities, newspaper mills, and more.[6] [xiv] [fifteen] [16]

Visibility at national parks

The Make clean Air Act established a visibility protection program for "the prevention of any future, and the remedying of whatsoever existing, impairment of visibility" in national parks (larger than 6,000 acres) and wilderness areas (larger than v,000 acres). The EPA is responsible for issuing regulations outlining visibility goals for these areas. States with applicative parks and/or wilderness areas every bit well as emissions that may cause or contribute to visibility damage in those areas must accost the consequence in a state implementation program. The state plan must include enforceable emissions limits, technology standards for certain air pollution sources that may contribute to visibility issues, and a long-term (x-15 years) strategy to achieve visibility goals. States have primary responsibility for implementing visibility protection requirements through their land plans.[4] [half-dozen]

Acid rain

Acrid pelting is tracked from natural and human-acquired sources that emit particles and other gases into the atmosphere.

In the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, Congress established programs to limit acid rain by reducing the precursors to acid pelting—sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide. Acid rain refers to a mixture of moisture and deposited material containing a college-than average-concentration of sulfuric and nitric acids.[four] [6] [17]

Different other Clean Air Act policy areas, the EPA has primary authority over reducing acid rain. The agency operates two programs for this purpose. First, the sulfur dioxide program is a market-based organization to limit sulfur dioxide. Fossil fuel-fired (which includes coal, oil, and natural gas) utility units must limit sulfur dioxide emissions at or beneath a level known as an assart. If utilities are below their allowances, they can trade the unused allowance with other participants, sell them at an EPA auction, or collect allowances for time to come use.[18]

2d, the EPA operates a nitrogen oxide program to limit emissions. Unlike the sulfur dioxide program, the nitrogen oxide programme includes technology-based emission limitations and does non include market-based mechanisms to limit emissions. These limitations employ to coal-fired electric utility boilers and other facilities.[19]

Ozone layer protection

Under the Clean Air Act, the federal government is required to regulate substances that deplete ozone molecules in the stratospheric ozone layer. This layer is located 10 miles to 30 miles above the Earth's surface and filters harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays from the sun. Similar to acid rain reduction, the EPA has sole authority over regulating ozone-depleting substances. Federal regulations classify ozone-depleting substances as either Class I or Form 2 depending on their potential impact on the ozone layer. The production and import of v of six Grade I substances were gradually banned from 1994-1996. The concluding substance was finally banned in 2005. Class II substances have a bottom bear upon on the ozone layer than Class I substances; the product and employ of these substances are scheduled to be banned past the year 2030.[20] [21]

Emissions standards for automobiles

Under the Make clean Air Human action, the federal regime has sole authority to establish federal emissions standards for automobiles, and states are generally prohibited from adopting their own standards for new motor vehicles. All the same, the act allows the state of California to petition the EPA for a waiver allowing the country to develop its ain standards if those standards are at to the lowest degree as restrictive federal standards. Under section 177 of the act, if the EPA grants California a waiver, other states are allowed to prefer California standards in lieu of federal standards.[six]

The Clean Air Act established federal emissions standards for mobile sources, which are defined as "vehicles, engines, and motorized equipment that produce exhaust and evaporative emissions." These vehicles include automobiles, aircraft, locomotives, lawnmowers, dirt bikes, and more than.[6] [22]

The federal regime first prepare automobile emissions standards in 1968. The Clean Air Deed Amendments of 1990 established standards to be phased in within the 1994-1996 model years. These standards tightened before standards requiring reductions in hydrocarbon and nitrogen oxide emissions. Tier 2 standards were established to exist phased in within the 2004-2009 model years.[6]

Civil and criminal enforcement

Run across also: Enforcement at the EPA

Seal of the United States Environmental Protection Agency.svg

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) tin initiate civil and criminal actions against against private individuals, businesses, and organizations through enforcement of federal environmental laws. Civil enforcement involves EPA or country-initiated legal activeness to compel compliance with federal police force and may involve fines or penalties leveled against private parties. Criminal enforcement involves criminal investigation and prosecution of deliberate and/or severe violations of federal ecology police force. Some violations tin can result in jail time.[23]

Federal environmental statutes contain provisions to address civil and criminal violations of those statutes:[23]

  • Civil violations do not take into account if the violator knew of the violated law or regulation, while criminal violations involve a level of intent. For example, a knowing violation can include a discharge of pollutants into a river without a let.[23]
  • Civil violations are based on the preponderance of the prove, which includes whether the presented evidence is convincing and more probable to be true than not. Defendants in ceremonious suits tin exist found liable either post-obit a trial or a mutually agreed-upon settlement with the EPA. If found liable or agreeing to a settlement, a civil accused may face a monetary penalty or be required to correct the violation.[23]
  • Criminal violations must be established beyond a reasonable dubiousness. If convicted or after a guilty plea, a violator may face budgetary fines, be required to reimburse the EPA for cleanup costs, or be incarcerated. In all federal environmental laws outside statutes for toxic substances and pesticides, criminal violations are considered felonies.[23]

List of land environmental departments

Run across also: Land environmental policy

The table below lists land environmental departments responsible for enforcing portions of the Clean Air Act.

State ecology departments
Country Environment Department
Alabama Alabama Department of Ecology Management
Alaska Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation
Arizona Arizona Department of Environmental Quality
Arkansas Arkansas Section of Ecology Quality
California California Environmental Protection Agency
Colorado Colorado Section of Public Health and Surround
Connecticut Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection
Delaware Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Ecology Control
Florida Florida Department of Environmental Protection
Georgia Georgia Environmental Protection Partition
Hawaii Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resource
Idaho Idaho Department of Ecology Quality
Illinois Illinois Environmental Protection Agency
Indiana Indiana Department of Ecology Management
Iowa Iowa Section of Natural Resources
Kansas Kansas Section of Health and Environment
Kentucky Kentucky Section for Environmental Protection
Louisiana Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality
Maine Maine Department of Environmental Protection
Maryland Maryland Department of the Environment
Massachusetts Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection
Michigan Michigan Department of Ecology Quality
Minnesota Minnesota Department of Natural Resources
Mississippi Mississippi Section of Ecology Quality
Missouri Missouri Section of Natural Resources
Montana Montana Department of Environmental Quality
Nebraska Nebraska Department of Environmental Quality
Nevada Nevada Division of Environmental Protection
New Hampshire New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services
New Jersey New Jersey Section of Ecology Protection
New United mexican states New Mexico Environment Department
New York New York State Department of Environmental Conservation
Northward Carolina Northward Carolina Section of Surround and Natural Resources
Northward Dakota N Dakota Department of Health - Environmental Health Section
Ohio Ohio Environmental Protection Agency
Oklahoma Oklahoma Department of Environmental Quality
Oregon Oregon Department of Ecology Quality
Pennsylvania Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection
Rhode Isle Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management
Due south Carolina S Carolina Department of Wellness and Environmental Control
Tennessee Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation
Texas Texas Commission on Environmental Quality
Utah Utah Department of Environmental Quality
Vermont Vermont Department of Environmental Conservation
Virginia Virginia Section of Environmental Quality
Washington Washington State Department of Ecology
Due west Virginia West Virginia Department of Environmental Protection
Wisconsin Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources
Wyoming Wyoming Department of Health

Recent news

The link beneath is to the most recent stories in a Google news search for the terms Clean Air Human action. These results are automatically generated from Google. Ballotpedia does not curate or endorse these manufactures.

Meet likewise

  • Clean Air Act
  • Land environmental policy
  • Glossary of environmental terms

Footnotes

  1. ↑ U.S. Ecology Protection Bureau, "Clean Air Human activity Requirements and History," accessed Baronial 7, 2022
  2. ↑ U.South. Environmental Protection Agency, "Agreement the Clean Air Act," accessed August 7, 2022
  3. ↑ U.Due south. Ecology Protection Bureau, "National Ambience Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)," accessed March 22, 2022
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.two U.S. Environmental Protection Bureau, "The Clean Air Act in a Nutshell: How It Works," accessed September 15, 2022
  5. ↑ U.Southward. Environmental Protection Agency, "State Implementation Program Status and Information," accessed September 17, 2022
  6. ↑ vi.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.v 6.6 Congressional Inquiry Service, "Clean Air Act: A Summary of the Act and Its Major Requirements," January 11, 2022
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 U.South. Environmental Protection Agency, "New Source Review (NSR) Permitting," accessed August 1, 2022
  8. ↑ U.South. Environmental Protection Agency, "New Source Review," accessed September xvi, 2022
  9. ↑ U.Southward. Environmental Protection Agency, "Permits and Enforcement," accessed September 17, 2022
  10. ↑ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "Air Pollution Operating Permit Plan Update: Fundamental Features and Benefits," accessed September 17, 2022
  11. ↑ U.S. Ecology Protection Agency, "Basic Data (Operating Permits)," accessed September xvi, 2022
  12. ↑ U.Southward. Ecology Protection Agency, "Adventure Assessment for Toxic Air Pollutants: A Citizen'south Guide," accessed March 10, 2022
  13. ↑ U.S. Environmental Protection Bureau, "Near Air Toxics," accessed March eleven, 2022
  14. ↑ U.Due south. Environmental Protection Agency, "Reducing Toxic Air Pollutants," accessed Baronial 7, 2022
  15. ↑ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "About Air Toxics," accessed September xviii, 2022
  16. ↑ U.South. Environmental Protection Agency, "Reducing Toxic Air Pollutants," accessed September 15, 2022
  17. ↑ U.South. Ecology Protection Agency, "Reducing Acid Rain," accessed September 16, 2022
  18. ↑ U.S. Environmental Protection Bureau, "Acid Rain Program SO2 Allowances Fact Sheet," accessed September sixteen, 2022
  19. ↑ U.S. Environmental Protection Bureau, "NOx Reductions Under Phase II of the Acrid Rain Program," accessed September 18, 2022
  20. ↑ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "Ozone Layer Protection Glossary," accessed September 16, 2022
  21. ↑ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "The Phaseout of Ozone-Depleting Substances," accessed September 16, 2022
  22. ↑ U.Due south. Environmental Protection Agency, "Basic Information," accessed Baronial vii, 2022
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.one 23.two 23.3 23.four U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "Enforcement Basic Information," accessed September 22, 2022

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